Every year, EU member states lose hundreds of millions of euros in tax revenue when traders from third countries sell their goods to the EU via online marketplaces such as Amazon or eBay but do not pay the corresponding sales tax. The new legal regulation now aims to prevent losses by companies not registered in the EU for VAT purposes and to make the competitive conditions for European suppliers fairer. Australia, New Zealand and Norway introduced similar changes in 2018, 2019 and 2020.
The new Art. 14a VAT Directive applies to marketplaces, platforms, or portals that enable distance selling. A distinction is made between distance sales within the EU and from third countries to an EU Member State.
When the new e-commerce directive came into force on July 1, 2021, electronic marketplaces will be included in a defined VAT supply chain for deliveries from third countries. The first part of the delivery from a trader from a third country, such as China, to the online marketplace, will always be treated as a ‘dormant delivery’. The new Art exempts this delivery from tax—136a VAT Directive to avoid VAT fraud.
The second part, however, is the supply of the online marketplace to the private buyer in, for example, Italy. This is regarded as a ‘moving supply’ and is taxable. The marketplace becomes the tax debtor and must pay the Italian VAT debt.
What do these changes mean for online marketplaces?
Electronic marketplaces are fictitiously included in the supply chain for VAT purposes. They are themselves suppliers and sellers within a ‘series’. Suppose goods are imported into the EU from third countries, and the real value is at most 150 euros. In that case, the law treats electronic marketplaces like they had received and supplied articles themselves (Art. 14a (1) VAT Directive). The same applies, without limitation of the amount, to supplies within the EU by a trader established in a third country if the goods are sold via an electronic marketplace (Art. 14a para. 2 VAT Directive).
Online marketplaces collect all data on transactions carried out on their platform. This obligation to record has already been implemented in Germany in § 22f UStG in connection with the so-called marketplace liability (§ 25e UStG). However, the reform goes far beyond the marketplace liability introduced in Germany (as of 01/01/2019) and other member states. At present, the operator of an online marketplace must be able to confirm that its sellers comply with their obligations to comply with VAT regulations. Suppose merchants do not conduct their business in a compliant manner. In that case, electronic marketplaces are liable for the VAT due if they cannot provide appropriate documentation.
With the new rules, electronic marketplaces will become liable for their VAT. They must pay the correct VAT in the delivery country and know all national tax rates for the goods. This is not easy, as each EU member state can decide for itself on the standard tax rates or the exceptions to be applied.
